世界十大帝王

第一部成文法典的创立者——汉谟拉比
汉谟拉比，古巴比仑国王（公元前1792—1750年在位）
公元前18世纪初，古巴比伦王国崛起。在汉谟拉比领导下，一跃成为囊括整个两河流域的帝国。
为了强化统治，汉谟拉比制订了世界上第一部比较完备的成文法典——<汉谟拉比法典>。他还利用宗教来巩固自己的政治，称自己是神宠爱的人。

千古一帝——秦始皇
秦始皇（公元前259～前210 年），首位完成中国统一的秦王朝的开国皇帝。姓嬴，名政，秦庄襄王之子，汉族。出生于赵国首都邯郸，故氏赵。公元前247年，即秦始皇13岁时即王位，公元前238年，即秦始皇21岁时在故都雍城举行了成人加冕仪式，从此正式登基“亲理朝政”，39岁终于完成了统一中国的历史大业。秦王政自认为自己的功劳胜过之前的三皇五帝，给自己起名“皇帝”。一生中有功也有过，后人将其与汉武帝并称为“秦皇汉武”。


最伟大的征服者——亚历山大大帝
梦想征服世界的霸王亚历山大大帝，是欧洲历史上最伟大的军事天才，马其顿帝国最富盛名的征服者。他雄才伟略，勇于善战，领军驰聘欧亚非大陆，似的古希腊文明广泛传播。亚历山大大帝，古代马其顿国王，世界古代史上著名的军事家和政治家。在横跨欧、亚的辽阔土地上，建立起了一个西起希腊、马其顿，东到印度恒河流域，南临尼罗河第一瀑布，北至药杀水（Jaxartes）的以巴比伦为首都的庞大帝国。创下了前无古人的辉煌业绩。


罗马帝国的缔造者——屋大维
盖乌斯·屋大维，被尊称为“奥古斯都”，是罗马帝国的开国君主，统治罗马长达43年。
一般认为屋大维是最伟大的罗马皇帝之一。公元前27年，屋大维实行元首制，独揽政治、军事、司法、宗教大权，统治罗马长达四十年以上。他结束了一个世纪的内战，使罗马帝国进入了相当长一段和平，繁荣的辉煌时期。历史学家通常以他的头衔“奥古斯都 ”（尊崇的意思）来称呼他。这个称号是他在公元前27年的时候获得的, 那时他36岁。
一代天骄——成吉思汗
成吉思汗，孛儿只斤氏，名铁木真。蒙古族，也是蒙古历史上的杰出政治家、军事家。公元1206年，被推举为蒙古帝国的大汗，统一蒙古高原各部落。在位期间，多次发动征服战争，征服地域西达黑海海滨，东括几乎整个东亚，建立了世界历史上著名的横跨欧亚两洲的大帝国之一。
元世祖至元二年（1265）上庙号太祖。次年，追上谥号圣武皇帝，至大二年（1309）加谥法天启运圣武皇帝。


征服欧洲的小个子——拿破仑
拿破仑·波拿巴（1769.8.15-1821.5.5），法兰西第一共和国第一执政（1799年-1804年），法兰西第一帝国及百日王朝的皇帝（1804年 -1814年，1815年）、军事家、政治家，曾经占领过西欧和中欧的大部分领土。法兰西共和国近代史上著名的军事家和政治家。
破仑作为新兴资产阶级的军事家、政治家，他镇压了叛乱，粉碎了欧洲“反法联盟”的多次武装干涉，打乱了欧洲的封建秩序，促进了欧洲各国人民的觉醒，稳定了法国大革命的社会成


波斯帝国的缔造者——居鲁士大帝
居鲁士大帝（约公元前559—530年在位）是古代波斯帝国的缔造者。
在公元前3世纪以前，中东地区一直是世界文明发展的重心，这一地区的发展沿着从城邦到地区性王国到洲际大帝国的轨迹前进，波斯帝国是上古中东诸文明的集大成者，作为历史上第一个地跨亚非欧三大洲的大帝国，它的出现也是世界历史的一个篇章的总结。它的创立者居鲁士以其一生不断的征战、征服和他对被征服者的宽容而在历史上留下浓重的印记。
 查理帝国的创建者——查理大帝
公元第七与第八世纪之间，法兰克人在一连串有力的国王和军阀的统治之下，统一了今天法国地区的王国。在732年，他们打败来自西班牙并打算入侵法国的回教徒。在750左右，由于罗马和教皇受到伦巴底人的攻击，所以法国人就出兵到义大利。到了768年，查理大帝(或一般称呼为查理曼)就成为法兰克人的国王，并展开他英明的统治。
他的重要之处，是他超越了神圣罗马帝国的版图和世界。


最杰出的沙皇——彼得大帝
彼得大帝是俄国最杰出的沙皇。他制定的西方化政策是使俄国变成一个列强国的主要因素。
彼得大帝并不单单是一个顺乎潮流的君主，而是一位站在时代前列的人。完全有理由认为是他的先见之明使历史发生了变化，改变了方向，沿着一条否则就无法遵循的道路发展。基于这些理由，他理应是历史上在最杰出的君主之一。


影响最深远的君主——君士坦丁大帝
人类历史上曾涌现过无数杰出的帝王，如亚历山大大帝，成吉思汗，秦始皇等，但他们或许破坏有余，建设不足，或许建立的帝国持续时间太短，或许他们功业的影响只局限于少数国家地区，而不能像君士坦丁这样有着长久而遍及世界的影响。他是第一位信仰基督教的君主，实际上，即使在甚少基督徒的中国，也不知不觉地接受了许多基督教的影响，如公元纪年、星期日、一夫一妻制、圣诞节、普世精神、忏悔和感恩精神等等。

A Brief History Of Dreams And Their Interpretation

The interpretation of dreams by dream experts may be almost as old as dreaming itself.  We know that all humans, and many animals, dream every night, and humans have always been fascinated to learn what causes dreams and what they mean.

The interpretation of dreams dates back at least as far as 3000-4000 B.C.  We know that because the interpretations of dreams were recorded in permanent form on clay tablets.  It is thought that many primitive peoples were unable to initially distinguish between the real world and the dream world. 

In many cases, these people looked upon the dream world as an extension of the physical world around them, and in many cases they saw the dream world as more powerful than the waking one.

Dream interpretation was such an important field to the ancient Greek and Roman world that dream interpreters often accompanied generals and other military leaders into battles.  Dreams were taken extremely seriously, and the Greeks and Romans in particular often viewed dreams as messages sent by their gods. 

Dreams also had a religious content in ancient Egypt, and priests their doubled as dream interpreters.  Dreams were among the items recorded by the ancient Egyptians in the form of hieroglyphics. 

Those whose dreams were especially vivid or significant were thought to be blessed and were given special status in these ancient societies.  Likewise, people who were able to interpret dreams were thought to receive these gifts directly from the gods, and they enjoyed a special status in society as well. 

There are over 700 mentions of dreams in the bible, and people in biblical times saw dreams as very significant.  Dreams and their interpretations are mentioned in many of the most significant books of the bible and other holy scriptures.

In many cases, dreams were often seen as a form of prophecy.  People often interpreted their dreams as omens or warnings, and adjusted their activities accordingly.  Dreams were often thought of as omens from deities, as messages from spirits, or as messages from departed souls.  In some cases, dreams were even seen as the work of demons, meant to confuse and trouble the dreamer.

Dreams were so important that they often dictated the actions of political and military leaders, affecting everything from the prosecution of a battle to the outcome of a political decision.  Dreams were also thought to provide vital clues to healers, and they were used in the diagnosis and treatment of all manners of illness.

Dreaming was often looked upon by indigenous peoples as a way to commune directly with gods and spirits, and dreams are still used in this way by cultures around the world.  Many people believed, and some still do, that during dream sleep the soul leaves the body and communes with the spirit world.

The Chinese were one culture who believed that the soul left the body each night during dream sleep.  They believed that if the dreamer were suddenly awakened the soul may not be able to return to the body.  That is why some Chinese are still leery about the use of alarm clocks.  This is just one example of how ancient legends can linger into the modern world.

Some Mexican and Native American societies share this ancient view of the importance of dreams, and share the belief in a separate dimension that is visited during dream sleep.  These people believed that their departed ancestors lived in their dreams, and that they were able to take forms like animals and plants.

Thus dreams were seen as a way for them to commune with their recent and ancient ancestors, and to gather wisdom and knowledge that would serve them in their waking lives.  Dreams were also seen as ways to gather information about their purpose or mission in life.

The respect for dreams changed radically early in the 19th century, and dreams in that era were often dismissed as reactions to anxiety, outside noises or even bad food and indigestion. 

During this period of time, dreams were thought to have no meaning at all, and interest in dream interpretation all but evaporated.  This all changed, however, with the arrival of Sigmund Freud later in the 19th century.  Sigmund Freud stunned the world of psychiatry by stressing the importance of dreams, and he revived the once dead art of dream interpretation.


By  Rusly Abraham

Dreams of Falling

Dreams where you are falling are some of the most commonly reported dreams there are, and such dreams are one of the leading causes of sudden waking from a dream.
First, let’s begin by dispensing with the myth that if you hit the ground in your dreams you will die.  There are plenty of fully alive human beings who have reported hitting the ground during their dreams of falling.  The fact that these people were around to report this situation is proof that this legend is merely that – a legend.
Dreams of falling are most often interpreted as an indication of unresolved fears, anxieties, instabilities and insecurities.   The person who experiences recurrent dreams where he or she is falling may be feeling overwhelmed by and unable to control certain situations in his or her waking life. 
For instance, the dreamer may feel that his or her home or work life is out of control, and that he or she is unable to remain on top of the situation.  This kind of generalized anxiety can easily manifest itself in a dream where he or she is out of control, such as a falling dream.
Falling often represents a loss of control, or feelings of helplessness on the part of the dreamer.  After all, when you fall, you have no control over your direction or your pace.  This feeling of being out of control and falling often represents similar feelings in the dreamer’s waking life. 
Therefore those who are troubled by such dreams should be encouraged to examine their life for the source of anxiety and fear, and to confront the situation head on.  Doing so often results in a lessening or even an elimination of dreams of falling.
Dreams of falling can also represent a sense of inferiority or a sense of failure in your personal or professional life.  This fear could be a fear of failing in school, failing at your job, losing your social status, or failing in a relationship. 
People experiencing these situations are often troubled by dreams in which they are falling.  These dreams of falling can represent a perceived failure to measure up to expectations, or a fear of losing your status, losing an important person in your life, or just a generalized fear or failure.
The strict Freudian interpretation of a dream of falling was that such a dream indicated that the dreamer was contemplating giving into a sexual desire or sexual impulse.
Dreams of falling are most likely to take place during the first stage of sleep.  That is because dreams at this stage are often accompanied by spasms of muscles in the arms, the legs or even the whole body.  These sudden muscle contractions are known to science as a myclonic jerk. 
The dreaming mind can interpret these muscle spasms as falling, and thus incorporate falling into the dream state.   Often when dreamers experience this myclonic jerk, they awaken at feeling their body twitch.  This fast reaction is part of the evolutionary mechanism that allows us to be awakened quickly in the presence of a threatening environment.
Those who do biblical and religious interpretations of dreams often see falling dreams as meaning that the dreamer is taking his or her cues from the world of man instead of turning to God for guidance and advice.

By  Rusly Abraham
ruslyabraham@gmail.com

Dreams of Flying

Dreams of flying may well be the most common of all dreams.  Dreams of flying often fall into that special category of dreams in which the dreamer realizes he or she is dreaming.  These dreams, called lucid dreams, are some of the most fascinating to both dreamers and dream researchers alike. 
Dreams of flying are often described as joyful, fun and exhilarating, and flying dreams are often among the most pleasant dream experiences.
Dreams where you are flying easily, soaring over the landscape and enjoying the serenity often mean that you feel on top of the situation and in control of your life.  Flying dreams of this nature are often a nighttime manifestation of the feeling of rising above it all and being in control.  Often dreamers are able to control where they fly in their dreams.   Being able to control where you fly, how fast you fly and how high or low you fly is often a representation of a strong sense of personal power.
The flip side of that happy scenario are dreams in which the dreamer has difficulty remaining in the air, or dreams where you are unable to fly and begin to fall to earth.  These types of flying dreams can represent a lack of power, and an inability to control your personal circumstances.  Often people going through situations where they feel powerless will experience these negative kinds of flying dreams.
Obstacles like power lines, mountains and trees in a flying dream can be dream state manifestations of actual barriers in your waking life.  For instance, if you feel that roadblocks are constantly going up in your life, you may see these roadblocks manifested as trees, mountains, power lines or other hazards in your flying dream.  Identifying the barriers in your life, and overcoming them, can remove these barriers from your dream state as well as your waking life.
Often the dreamer will experience fear while flying, or be afraid that he or she is flying too high.  These types of dreams are often representations of fear of challenge, or fear that you cannot succeed.
Dreams of flying are some of the most interesting types of dreams for dream researchers and psychologists.  Unlike dreams of being naked, dreams or running, dreams of falling and other common dreams, flying dreams represent an ability that humans do not have in their waking lives.  Anytime someone dreams of doing something they do not have the ability to do, it is of interest to dream researchers.
Dreams of flying can represent yearning, or striving to be better.  They can also be manifestations of feelings of power, or in some cases feelings of lack of power.  The ability of the dreamer to take control of the flight in his or her dream can be an exhilarating experience, and provide the dreamer with a feeling of power than can last into his or her waking life.
No matter what the dream of flying represents, it remains one of the most fertile fields in the world of dream interpretation.  There are many reasons to dream of flying, and many ways such a dream can play itself out.  Chances are that dreams of flying have been around as long as humans have been dreaming, and that they will continue to be around for millennia to come.